Model simulations refer to computer-based models that are used to simulate and predict various scenarios in a given research area. These simulations are often used in fields such as climate research, economics, and engineering to understand complex systems and predict their behavior under different conditions. By inputting data and parameters into the model, researchers can run simulations to test hypotheses and make predictions about future trends. Model simulations are valuable tools for researchers to explore different scenarios and outcomes without conducting expensive or time-consuming experiments in real life.